Removal of the Ten Buddhist Fetters and Psychology
I have always thought that Buddhism is pretty radical. If one removes all ten fetters one no longer reincarnates, so the theory goes. In the context of Abhidhamma Pitaka the vast majority of humans have no experience beyond the first couple of fetters. Discussion therefore is based on scripture and not personal experience; it is by way of speculation.
The first fetter of self can be thought of as the business of psychology, one is encouraged therein to have a notion of self, an identity. If you lack many of the emotions in the second enumeration you might get a diagnosis of Aspergers’ or clinical depression. You certainly would not have a starring role in Dallas or East Enders.
The teachings of Buddha if applied take one way beyond psychology and the socio-political framing of mundane human experience. It, the fetter, could be called the limitation of and by social conditioning, complying with societal ideas and trying to fit therein. Making an image to attempt to convey to others. If you think in terms of social media Abhidhamma Pitaka’s list of ten fetters are perhaps the guidebook to social popularity, the more you express the more likes and followers you get. Does Trump exhibit any of these fetters?
I find some of the available Buddhist interpretations a bit absolutist. Complete removal of reproductive urge is probably not possible. Porn hub reinforces the first fetter kāma-rāga.
Getting things in perspective and balanced is probably a healthier way. After all the Diamond sutra admonishes against seeking the absolute. A classic sign of depression is loss of libido. Psychologists may contest the teachings of Siddhartha.
What are the ten fetters in Buddhist tradition?
This by Andrei Palskoi on Quora
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-ten-fetters-in-Buddhist-tradition
The fetters are attachments to illusory ideas about how reality is built and operates. They are the rules that you believe are solid and unbreakable, whereas in fact they are nothing more than ephemeral mental contracts.
Each of them can be seen as a counterweight applied to balance the scales after they’ve been originally tipped off by the 10th fetter, culminating with the 1st fetter like a cork sealing the jinn’s bottle. They are intended to create and/or restore the illusion of stability, and the price for having that illusion is the lack of freedom – that’s why they called “fetters”. They feel important to abide by, even when they result in suffering.
There are many different interpretations of their meaning. Below is mine – by no means accurate or even orthodox, but it’s one of those things where you cannot rely on dogmas (see fetter #3).
- Person – thinking that there is an actual object with fixed properties called “a person”, or “self”. Once the imaginary description of “who you are” is formed, there is a strong feeling of being obligated to act in accordance with how that “you” would act. Essentially, in this fetter you are bound by the mental model of yourself. The fear of violating this fetter is that for your reputation in your own or someone else’s eyes. Also, many other stories and beliefs are predicated on the idea of “you” as an actor playing a crucial role in them.
- Doubt – traditionally by this it is meant doubt in Buddha’s teachings. Effectively, it is doubt that there is indeed a way back out of your existential conundrum. It binds you into arguing about everything, rather than putting sincere whole-hearted effort into looking at the facts and be willing to honestly admit what they show, even if it goes against your preconceived beliefs.
{often very specifically about the teachings of Buddha and the Dharma my addition}.
- Rites and rituals – this includes dogmas, habits and any other kind of mind automation. It binds you into thinking that if “things were this way before”, they are expected to continue the same way. This fetter is an inertia of mind, i.e. repeating what it was accustomed to doing. It is also a belief in magic that merely by doing some rituals that you don’t understand you can control the experiences and prevent unwanted ones from happening. Basically, relying on stale old recipes and ignoring the new realities of the moment.
- Desire, or lust – belief that you can want a form and when you do, you must run after it. Effectively, it is imagining some experience and feeling irresistible draw to falling into it, as well as aversion to the idea of not getting what’s desired. Together the 4th and 5th fetters are manifestations of the false belief that by mastering the art of pulling in pleasant experiences and pushing out unpleasant ones it is possible to achieve ever-lasting comfort.
- Aversion, or ill will – when something goes against your expectations (which is inevitable), you feel in your guts some invisible force that is presumably pushing you towards resistance in all its forms (hatred, fear, suppression, avoidance, etc.). Rather than an attachment to experiencing pleasant experiences, it is an attachment to reacting to unpleasant ones. This is where the suffering is born out of refusal to accept that ultimately there is no control of what happens.
- Forms – belief that reality consists of fixed objects with properties and feeling of being bound by those forms and their importance. Subject-object separation.
- Attachment to formless ideas – belief that apart from the pure “being”, there are other fundamental qualities of experience such as time and space, and there is witnessing of these qualities through perception. This is where the idea of “independent reality” is born.
- Conceit – belief that the mental idea of what is going on is more important than the actual experience. This is a belief that the experience must “make sense”, which begins with the simplest sense of pure “being” – the first fixed mental construct, the first attempt to fabricate an illusion of something reliable, predictable and lasting, something that can be grasped at.
- Restlessness – the outcome of the original ignorance, chaotic flow of ever-changing experiences with no fixed structure whatsoever. The first anxiety of having nothing to grasp at. The other 8 fetters are essentially failed attempts to hide this anxiety, which can be felt again at any time when they don’t work.
- Ignorance – The beginning of the “flame” – falling for the false appearance of experiences and ignoring the true knowledge that there can be no experience that has any substance, permanence, satisfactoriness. A “big bang” manifestation of experiential reality, i.e. samsara. Conscious emptiness that accidentally confused itself into dreaming up the realm of experiences and cannot awaken back from its dream.
This from Wikipedia:
Abhidhamma Pitaka’s list of ten fetters
The Abhidhamma Pitaka’s Dhamma Sangani (Dhs. 1113-34) provides an alternate list of ten fetters, also found in the Khuddaka Nikaya’s Culla Niddesa (Nd2 656, 1463) and in post-canonical commentaries. This enumeration is:
- sensual lust (Pali: kāma-rāga)
- anger (paṭigha)
- conceit (māna)
- views (diṭṭhi) {opinions my addition}
- doubt (vicikicchā)
- attachment to rites and rituals (sīlabbata-parāmāsa)
- lust for existence (bhava-rāga)
- jealousy (issā)
- greed (macchariya)
- ignorance (avijjā).
The commentary mentions that views, doubt, attachment to rites and rituals, jealousy and greed are thrown off at the first stage of Awakening (sotāpatti); gross sensual lust and anger by the second stage (sakadāgāmitā) and even subtle forms of the same by the third stage (anāgāmitā); and conceit, lust for existence and ignorance by the fourth and final stage (arahatta).
The Wolf of Wall Street is not close to enlightenment, “greed is good!”
If you encountered someone who had overcome to a great extent these ten fetters how would you interact?
The notion of transactional “you scratch my back…” interaction would not work. They would not have the same emotional soap-opera buttons. They may even seem very boring and dead-pan.
Are they still alive? Are they completely overcome with anhedonia?
We are seeing the first fetter of “person” or “self” as a battleground for the so-called gender “debate” or slinging match. Self-image plays a role in anorexia and bulimia. Social media has created a zombie army of influencers, self-obsessed. People forget that image is imaginary and not real. Yet they devote a lot of time and effort to image.
Removal of the Abhidhamma Pitaka’s fetters might imply a saintly person, an impossible thing. But there again human idealisation and absolutism comes in. The passage above suggests a sequential list based removal, a tick box approach. Done that, got the t-shirt. Isn’t it more likely that one would be working at removing the dramas/fetters all at the same time? Tick box thinking is not a high level overview. Goals achieved can cause conceit and ambition.
Twitter is full of aversion, or ill will. It fills our news programmes in Israel and Gaza, in the US presidential elections.
I’ll speculate that a psychologist / psychiatrist might have trouble framing and understanding a being largely free from these fetters. Maybe they would invent a new syndrome to categorize them…
Or they could lock them up in a loony bin, especially if they were not an ordained monk or priest in robes.
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Dreamyoga 